TOURISM
Definitions of Tourism:
In 1936, the
League of Nations defined a foreign tourist as "someone traveling abroad for at least twenty-four hours". Its successor, the United Nations, amended this definition in 1945, by including a maximum stay of six months.
In 1941, Hunziker and Krapf defined tourism as "the sum of the
phenomena and relationships arising from the travel and stay of
non-residents, insofar as they do not lead to
permanent residence and are not connected with any earning activity." In 1976, the Tourism Society of England's definition was: "Tourism is the temporary, short-term movement of people to destinations
outside the places where they normally live and work and their
activities during the stay at each destination. It includes movements
for all purposes." In 1981, the International Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism
defined tourism in terms of particular activities chosen and undertaken
outside the home.
In 1994, the
United Nations identified three forms of tourism in its Recommendations on Tourism Statistics:
- Domestic tourism, involving residents of the given country traveling only within this country
- Inbound tourism, involving non-residents traveling in the given country
- Outbound tourism, involving residents traveling in another country
The terms
tourism and
travel are sometimes used
interchangeably. In this context, travel has a similar definition to
tourism, but implies a more purposeful journey. The terms
tourism and
tourist are sometimes used pejoratively, to imply a shallow interest in the cultures or locations visited. By contrast,
traveler
is often used as a sign of distinction. The sociology of tourism has
studied the cultural values underpinning these distinctions and their
implications for class relations.
Example:
*Borobudur Temple.
Borobudur is the biggest temle in the world.
Borobudur, or
Barabudur, is a 9th-century
Mahayana Buddhist Temple in
Magelang,
Central Java,
Indonesia. The monument consists of six square platforms topped by three circular platforms and is decorated with 2,672
relief panels and 504
Buddha statues.
A main dome, located at the center of the top platform, is surrounded
by 72 Buddha statues each of which is seated inside a perforated
stupa. It is the world’s largest Buddhist temple,
as well as one of the greatest Buddhist monuments in the world.
Built in the 9th century during the reign of the
Sailendra Dynasty, the temple was designed in
Javanese Buddhist architecture, which blends the
Indonesian indigenous cult of
ancestor worship and the Buddhist concept of attaining
Nirvana The temple also demonstrates the influences of
Gupta art that reflects
India's
influence on the region, yet there are enough indigenous scenes and
elements incorporated to make Borobudur uniquely Indonesian.
The monument is both a
shrine to the
Lord Buddha and a place for Buddhist
pilgrimage.
The journey for pilgrims begins at the base of the monument and follows
a path around the monument and ascends to the top through three levels
symbolic of
Buddhist cosmology:
Kāmadhātu (the world of desire),
Rupadhatu (the world of forms) and
Arupadhatu
(the world of formlessness). The monument guides pilgrims through an
extensive system of stairways and corridors with 1,460 narrative relief
panels on the walls and the
balustrades. Borobudur has the largest and most complete ensemble of Buddhist reliefs in the world.
Evidence suggests Borobudur was constructed in the 9th century and abandoned following the 14th-century decline of
Hindu kingdoms in Java and the
Javanese conversion to Islam.
Worldwide knowledge of its existence was sparked in 1814 by
Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles,
then the British ruler of Java, who was advised of its location by
native Indonesians. Borobudur has since been preserved through several
restorations. The largest restoration project was undertaken between
1975 and 1982 by the
Indonesian government and
UNESCO, following which the monument was listed as a UNESCO
World Heritage Site.
Borobudur is still used for pilgrimage; once a year, Buddhists in Indonesia celebrate
Vesak at the monument, and Borobudur is Indonesia's single most visited
tourist attraction.
The monument is the single most visited
tourist attraction in Indonesia. In 1974, 260,000 tourists, of whom 36,000 were foreigners, visited the monument.
The figure climbed to
2.5 million visitors annually (80% were domestic tourists) in the mid-1990s, before
the country's economy crisis.
[10] Tourism development, however, has been criticized for not including the local community, giving rise to occasional conflicts
.
In 2003, residents and small businesses around Borobudur organized
several meetings and poetry protests, objecting to a provincial
government plan to build a three-story mall complex, dubbed the "Java
World".
International tourism awards were given to Borobudur archaeological park, such as
PATA
Grand Pacific Award 2004, PATA Gold Award Winner 2011, and PATA Gold
Award Winner 2012. In June 2012, Borobudur was recorded in the
Guinness Book of World Records as the world's largest Buddhist archaeological site.
this articles is taken from wikipedia, all rights reserved. (the pictures may have rights too)
